Final Notice
FINAL NOTICE
FSA Individual Reference Number:
JJC01102
TAKE NOTICE: The Financial Services Authority, of 25 The North Colonnade,
Canary Wharf, London E14 5HS gives you final notice about the following action:
1.
ACTION
1.1.
The Financial Services Authority (“the FSA”) served on you, James Corr, a Decision
Notice on 18 January 2012 which notified you that, for the reasons set out below and
pursuant to:
(1)
section 123 (Power to impose penalties in cases of market abuse);
(2)
section 91 (Penalties for breach of Part 6 rules); and
(3)
section 56 (Prohibition orders);
of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (“the Act”), the FSA had decided to
impose on you:
(1)
a financial penalty of £400,000 for:
(a)
engaging in market abuse as defined by section 118(7) of the Act
(dissemination); and
(b)
being knowingly concerned in breaches of Listing Rule 1.3.3R
(misleading, false or deceptive information) and Listing Principles 3
(integrity) and 4 (creation of a false market); and
(2)
a prohibition order prohibiting you from performing any function in relation to
any regulated activity carried on by any authorised person, exempt person or
exempt professional firm, on the grounds that you are not a fit and proper
person as your conduct described in more detail later in this Notice
demonstrated a lack of integrity.
1.2.
The financial penalty would have been £750,000 but for evidence that imposing such
a penalty would have caused you serious financial hardship.
1.3.
You have not referred the matter to the Upper Tribunal (Tax and Chancery Chamber).
1.4.
Accordingly, for the reasons set out below, the FSA hereby imposes on you:
(1)
a financial penalty of £400,000; and
(2)
a prohibition order prohibiting you from performing any function in relation to
any regulated activity carried on by any authorised person, exempt person or
exempt professional firm.
2.
SUMMARY REASONS FOR THE ACTION
2.1.
Between August 2007 and February 2009 (“the Relevant Period”), you were the
Finance Director of Cattles Limited, then known as “Cattles plc” (“Cattles”), a
subprime lender. Most of Cattles’ business was conducted through a subsidiary,
Welcome Financial Services Limited (“Welcome”). You described yourself as
‘Group Finance Director’.
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The false and misleading statements
2.2.
In its Annual Report and Financial Statements for the period ending 31 December
2007 (“the Cattles’ 2007 Annual Report”) and its rights issue prospectus dated 23
April 2008 that raised £200 million (“the Rights Issue Prospectus”), Cattles published
false and misleading information about the credit quality of Welcome’s loan book by
stating that:
(1)
as at 31 December 2007, around £2.1 billion of Welcome’s approximately £3
billion loan book was “neither past due nor impaired” (ie not in contractual
arrears);
(2)
the business (ie the business of Cattles conducted through Welcome) treated a
loan account as impaired when the account was 120 days in contractual
arrears; and
(3)
Cattles had made a pretax profit of £165.2 million for the year to 31
2.3.
Cattles also announced misleading arrears and profit figures to the market on 28
August 2008 and it announced misleading arrears figures to the market on 18
December 2008 (“the 2008 Announcements”).
2.4.
The Cattles’ 2007 Annual Report, the Rights Issue Prospectus and the 2008
Announcements (together referred to as “the Public Statements”) contained false and
misleading information about the credit quality of Welcome’s loan book in that they
provided arrears figures and profit figures based on International Financial Reporting
Standard 7 (“IFRS 7”) without clarifying the role played by deferments in calculating
the figures provided.
The true position in respect of the loan book
2.5.
In fact, deferments had been routinely employed in the business and a correct
application of IFRS7 would have resulted in loans which had been deferred being
treated either as past due or as renegotiated. Because deferments had not been
stripped out of the ‘neither past due nor impaired’ category, around £2.1 billion of the
loan book was disclosed as not being in contractual arrears, creating the impression
that far more customers were repaying their loans on time than was actually the case.
The level of a lender’s contractual arrears as a proportion of its loan book is a key
measure of financial performance.
2.6.
Had loans which had been deferred been treated as being in contractual arrears, the
application of Cattles’ stated impairment trigger would have resulted in a pretax loss
of £96.5 million (a reduction of £261.7 million against the disclosed pretax profit of
£165.2 million).
Your responsibilities
2.7.
As a director of Cattles you had a duty to exercise care, skill and diligence in the
performance of your duties.
2.8.
In particular, and in relation to the auditor, the director’s report had to contain a
statement that in the case of each director, so far as you as Finance Director were
aware, there was no relevant audit information of which the auditor was unaware; that
each director had taken all steps that he ought to have taken to make himself aware of
that information; and that he had taken all steps to establish that the auditor was aware
of that information.
2.9.
In relation to the Audit Committee, it was essential that there was a frank, open
working relationship between you as Finance Director (amongst other senior members
of the management executive) and the Audit Committee. As the director in the group
with responsibility for financial matters, you were under an obligation to ensure that
the committee was kept properly informed and you should have taken the initiative in
supplying information rather than waiting to be asked.
Your actions
2.10. On 27 February 2008, you signed the representation letter to Cattles’ auditor
PricewaterhouseCoopers (“PwC”) as to the veracity of the information provided to
compile the Cattles 2007 Annual Report (see paragraph 2.8).
2.11. In taking the following steps, you disseminated false and misleading information as to
Cattles’ shares:
(1)
you signed the financial statements contained in the Cattles’ 2007 Annual
Report on behalf of the Cattles Board on 28 February 2008;
(2)
you approved the Rights Issue Prospectus dated 23 April 2008; and
(3)
you approved the 2008 Announcements.
Your knowledge
2.12. You knew that the business made extensive use of ‘deferments’ whereby missed
contractually due payments could be deferred to the end of the loan period, usually
without contacting the relevant customer, and a deferment was deemed to either re
start or pause the arrears clock, depending on the circumstances. This had the effect
that a loan on which interest payments had been deferred might be deemed by the
business to be:
(1)
uptodate and not in arrears despite a number of contractually due payments
having been missed; or
(2)
in arrears but not impaired (ie not more than 120 days in arrears) despite more
than four contractual monthly payments having been missed.
The contraventions and financial penalty
2.13. By your actions in relation to the Public Statements, you engaged in market abuse
contrary to section 118(7) of the Act by disseminating information that gave a false
and misleading impression to the market as to the value of Cattles’ shares.
2.14. You were knowingly concerned in Cattles’ breaches of Listing Rule 1.1.3R
(misleading, false or deceptive information), Listing Principle 3 (integrity) and Listing
Principle 4 (creation of a false market).
2.15. In the light of all the circumstances, the FSA considers it appropriate to impose on
you a financial penalty of £400,000 which would have been £750,000 but for your
personal circumstances.
Integrity and prohibition
2.16. In failing to ensure that there was a full and open discussion on the treatment of
deferments with all appropriate persons and bodies, including the external auditors
and the Audit Committee, leading to a proper application of IFRS 7 in the accounts,
and for the reasons given more fully in paragraphs 6.11 to 6.14, the FSA considers
that you failed to act with integrity in discharging your responsibilities.
2.17. The FSA makes no finding that you deliberately set out to conceal the true position,
either on your own part or jointly with others.
2.18. The FSA concludes that you are not a fit and proper person to perform any function in
relation to any regulated activity and that it should make a prohibition order
accordingly.
3.
LEGISLATION, RULES AND GUIDANCE
3.1.
The provisions set out below are those applicable during the Relevant Period.
Relevant legislative provisions
3.2.
The FSA has power, pursuant to section 56 of the Act, to prohibit an individual from
performing any function in relation to any regulated activity where it appears to the
FSA that that individual is not a fit and proper person.
3.3.
The FSA has power, pursuant to section 91 of the Act, to impose a financial penalty
on a director of an issuer of listed securities if the FSA considers that he was
knowingly concerned in a contravention of the listing rules by the issuer in question.
3.4.
The FSA has the power, pursuant to section 123(1) of the Act, to impose a financial
penalty where it is satisfied that a person has engaged in market abuse.
3.5.
Section 118(1) of the Act defines “market abuse” as behaviour (whether by one
person alone or by two or more persons jointly or in concert) which:
“occurs in relation to ... qualifying investments admitted to trading on a
prescribed market; … and … falls within any one or more of the types of
behaviour set out in subsections (2) to (8).”
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3.6.
Section 118A(1) of the Act provides that:
“[b]ehaviour is to be taken into account for the purposes of … [sections 118 to
131A of the Act] … if it occurs in the United Kingdom or … in relation to
qualifying investments which are admitted to trading on a prescribed market
situated in, or operating in, the United Kingdom ...”
3.7.
Section 130A of the Act provides that the Treasury may by order specify markets and
investments which are “prescribed markets” and “qualifying investments” for the
purposes of any or all of sections 118 to 131A of the Act.
3.8.
The London Stock Exchange (“the LSE”) is a prescribed market for the purposes of
section 118(7) of the Act by reason of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000
(Prescribed Markets and Qualifying Investments) Order 2001. Shares are, by reason
of the same Order and relevant European legislation, qualifying investments.
3.9.
Section 118(7) of the Act defines as a form of market abuse behaviour which:
“… consists of the dissemination of information by any means which gives, or
is likely to give, a false or misleading impression as to a qualifying investment
by a person who knew or could reasonably be expected to have known that the
information was false or misleading.”
Relevant regulatory provisions
3.10. Listing Rule 1.3.3R provides that:
“An issuer must take reasonable care to ensure that any information it notifies
to a RIS or makes available through the FSA is not misleading, false or
deceptive and does not omit anything likely to affect the import of the
information.”
3.11. Listing Principle 3 (LR 7.2.1R) provides that:
“A listed company must act with integrity towards holders and potential
holders of its listed equity securities.”
3.12. Listing Principle 4 (LR 7.2.1R) provides that:
“A listed company must communicate information to holders and potential
holders of its listed equity securities in such a way as to avoid the creation or
continuation of a false market in such listed equity securities.”
3.13. MAR 1.2.3G makes clear that the Act does not require the person engaging in the
behaviour in question to have intended to commit market abuse.
3.14. Further regulatory provisions are set out in the Annex to this Notice.
4.
FACTS AND MATTERS RELIED ON
4.1.
This Notice concerns your misconduct in the Relevant Period, during which time
Cattles was a publicly listed financial services company, having been admitted to the
Official List of the LSE in 1963. Cattles’ shares were qualifying investments for the
purposes of section 118 of the Act.
4.2.
Welcome is a wholly owned subsidiary of Cattles, and is authorised and regulated by
the FSA (FSA registration no. 305742). Welcome’s principal business was retail
consumer lending, providing low value secured, unsecured and hire purchase loans to
subprime borrowers at high levels of interest. The significance of this part of the
business within the Cattles Group is indicated by figures taken from the Cattles 2007
Annual Report, which showed that it represented approximately 89.5% of Cattles’
revenue.
4.3.
You qualified as a chartered accountant in 1976 and have remained qualified since
then. You have held various roles as Finance Director in a number of private and
public companies, and joined Cattles as Finance Director in April 2001.
Management of customer arrears within Welcome
4.4.
In 2006, Welcome developed an operational structure whereby:
(1)
a loan that was less than 60 days in arrears was managed by an ‘Operational
Branch’;
(2)
a loan that was more than 60 days but less than 120 days in arrears was
managed by a ‘Local Management Branch’ (“LMB”). The LMBs were
described in Welcome’s Annual Report and Financial Statements for the year
ending 31 December 2007 (“Welcome’s 2007 Annual Report”) as
comprising “specialist collectors who work with customers to ensure regular
payments resume so as to enable the account to be transferred back to the
Operational Branch and to prevent the account from falling into more
serious arrears”; and
(3)
a loan that was more than 120 days in arrears was considered impaired and
was transferred to a ‘Local Collection Unit’ (“LCU”).
4.5.
Importantly, within Welcome the arrears status of a loan (and therefore whether it sat
within an Operational Branch, a Local Management Branch or a Local Collection
Unit was not a simple calculation done on the basis of the number of contractually due
payments missed (on which basis, for example, two missed monthly payments would
equate to a loan being 60 days in arrears). Instead, Welcome’s internal calculation of
arrears allowed for the deferment of missed payments in certain circumstances, with
the application of a deferment to a loan being treated within Welcome as either re
starting or pausing the calculation of arrears, depending on the circumstances.
4.6.
A loan showing as uptodate (ie not in arrears) in Welcome’s internal management
information might therefore be a loan on which a number of contractually due
payments had been missed but deferred. Similarly, a loan showing as unimpaired (ie
not more than 120 days in arrears) might be a loan on which more than four
contractually due payments had been missed but in respect of which some of those
payments had been deferred.
4.7.
As you were aware, the financial impact of the setting up of the LMBs in 2006 was
considerable. In 2006, but for the LMBs, around £260 million of loans would have
been expected to be transferred to the LCUs and therefore classified as impaired.
However, in fact only around £164 million was transferred to the LCUs. A substantial
amount of this £96 million improvement was due to debt being held back from
impairment through the use of deferments by the LMBs (ie deferments were used to
pause debt at between 60 and 120 days that would otherwise have been impaired). As
profit was calculated by reference to impairment, there was a corresponding £45
million improvement to Cattles’ reported profit for that year.
The requirements of International Financial Reporting Standard 7
4.8.
As you were aware, Cattles’ 2007 Annual Report was required to comply with IFRS 7
for the first time. The introduction of IFRS 7 states:
“The International Accounting Standards Board believes that users of
financial statements need information about an entity’s exposure to risks and
how those risks are managed. Such information can influence a user’s
assessment of the financial position and financial performance of an entity or
of the amount, timing and uncertainty of its future cash flows. Greater
transparency regarding those risks allows users to make more informed
judgments about risk and return.”
4.9.
Paragraph 31 of IFRS 7 requires an entity to:
“disclose information that enables users to evaluate the nature and extent of
risks arising from financial instruments to which the entity is exposed”
4.10. In disclosing the nature and extent of the risks, an entity is required to give both
qualitative information on the risks (how they have changed in the period and how
they are managed) and quantitative disclosures in respect of the risks. IFRS 7 states
that the risks are to include, but not be limited to, credit risk, liquidity risk and market
risk. The quantitive disclosures for credit risk should include:
(1)
“information about the credit quality of financial assets that are neither past
due or impaired” (paragraph 36(c));
(2)
“the carrying amount of financial assets that would otherwise be past due or
impaired whose terms have been renegotiated” (paragraph 36(d)); and
(3)
“an analysis of the age of financial assets that are past due as at the reporting
date but are not impaired” (paragraph 37(a)).
4.11. “Past due” is defined in IFRS 7 as when a counterparty has failed to make a payment
when contractually due, for example failing to pay interest or principal payments due
in the time period specified in the contract.
4.12. Under IFRS 7 a loan that is contractually overdue (but not impaired) but to which a
deferment has been applied should be treated as:
(1)
“past due but not impaired” where the deferment has not been agreed with the
customer, which cannot have happened if there has been no contact with the
customer); or
(2)
“renegotiated” where the deferment has been agreed with the customer.
4.13. A loan on which interest payments have been deferred should be disclosed
accordingly to give important information about credit quality.
4.14. International Accounting Standard 39 requires loans to be treated as impaired where
there is objective evidence that a loan asset is impaired. As referred to above,
Welcome treated loans that were more than 120 days in arrears (importantly, after the
application of deferments) as impaired.
Events prior to publication of Cattles’ 2007 Annual Report
4.15. The information required to be disclosed by IFRS 7 was not information that Cattles
had previously made public and therefore, in April 2007, Cattles and Welcome
formed a project team to consider the impact of the new requirements.
The meeting in June 2007
4.16. Early on in its deliberations, the IFRS 7 project team took the correct view that
deferments fell to be disclosed as either past due or renegotiated loans. However, in
light of the clear steer being given by you and others within senior management, the
project team sought to develop arguments to support the position that a deferred loan
was neither renegotiated nor past due. At a meeting in June 2007 between the project
team and certain of Cattles’ directors (including you) and John Blake the Managing
Director of Welcome, the project team reported that classifying deferments as either
renegotiated or as past due was “unacceptable” because it would mean disclosing
34% of the loan book as either renegotiated or as past due. The arguments suggested
by the project team to avoid disclosure had not been fully and openly debated.
Nonetheless you, along with the other Cattles directors present and John Blake,
endorsed the approach being proposed.
4.17. The clear inference is that the disclosure of deferments was deemed “unacceptable”
to the business because it would reveal significant negative information about the
credit quality of the loan book.
The communications with PwC in August and September 2007
4.18. On 28 August 2007, an internal IFRS 7 progress report was prepared for the Cattles
Board, the contents of which were approved by you, in which it was explained that:
“We propose to acknowledge that while rewrites represent a form of
renegotiation … deferments do not. Our argument is based on the “10 out of
12 instalments being a good Welcome customer” view and deferments
typically being used as a normal management tool in the nonstandard
consumer finance market … This view is fundamental to our approach to
complying with IFRS 7 and is something we must secure PWC’s agreement to.
They may be expecting deferments to be included in the value of renegotiated
loans and we expect to debate this point with them.”
4.19. On the same day, a different IFRS 7 progress report was sent to PwC, again the
contents of which you approved, that made no reference whatsoever to deferments.
4.20. You decided not to include it in the formal Board pack which you knew would be
received by PwC as a matter of routine and instead you sent it separately to the Board
after the upcoming Board meeting. This had the effect of failing to highlight the issue
with PwC. You committed to the Board that PwC’s agreement should and would be
obtained in respect of Cattles’ treatment of deferments under IFRS 7.
4.21. A Cattles’ Audit Committee meeting took place on 6 September 2007, attended by
you and John Blake among others. At that meeting, PwC outlined the IFRS 7
requirements as understood by them, without referring to the question whether
deferments should be disclosed as renegotiated loans (or indeed as past due loans) and
neither you nor John Blake highlighted that fundamental issue. At that meeting, PwC
referred to the IFRS 7 requirements which would apply to the 2007 financial
statements for the first time. They explained that:
“… this might produce some strange looking numbers because the standard
related to the debt which was not repaid in accordance with its contractual
terms and this was in the ordinary course of business for [Welcome]. The
plan was to produce for discussion at the December meeting IFRS 7 numbers
for the 2006 financial statements as if IFRS 7 had then been in force.”
4.22. On 20 September 2007, certain members of the IFRS 7 project team met with PwC to
discuss the IFRS 7 disclosures. In advance of that meeting, the project team had
produced two versions of an IFRS 7 progress report. The first version was for the
Cattles Board and outlined the arguments to be used as to why deferments should not
be classified as renegotiated or past due. The second version, sent to PwC, made no
mention of deferments at all. You knew that the progress report sent to PwC made no
mention of deferments, despite their fundamental importance to the question of what
disclosures should be made.
4.23. Following the 20 September meeting, a member of the IFRS 7 project team updated
you and others that:
“IFRS 7 meeting with PWC also went very well … there was absolutely no
mention of deferments … as they did not raise any challenge re deferments, we
did not raise it either. I feel that deferments are not particularly on their
radar screen either re IFRS 7 or generally and I suggest we keep it that way.
…
The one challenge they did come back on was around excluding 129 days
arrears from the past due category. …
… we got a really good result today and should be prepared to concede the 1
29 days point in the interests of the bigger prize. Can you run these thoughts
by Peter [Miller – the Finance Director of Welcome] and John [Blake] when
you are back next week?”
(the request to update Peter Miller, Welcome’s Finance Director, and John Blake was
not addressed to you). As a result, you failed to ensure that the issues surrounding
deferments were properly debated with PwC and thereby resolved.
October and November 2007
4.24. In October 2007, a further IFRS 7 Progress Report was prepared to update certain
members of Cattex (a committee including Cattles’ executive directors including you
and also including John Blake). Assurances were given in the following terms,
“Whilst we did not specifically discuss deferments, PWC are fully aware of their use
within the business and did not raise this as a potential issue.”
4.25. By November 2007 at the latest, you, John Blake and Peter Miller were receiving
information in the form of contractual delinquency graphs that clearly distinguished
between Welcome’s “contractual arrears” and “deferred arrears”. The distinction
between contractual and deferred arrears, and the potential implications of an
unfavourable IFRS 7 interpretation, was therefore appreciated by you.
The Audit Committee meeting on 13 December 2007
4.26. On 13 December 2007, you attended a Cattles Audit Committee meeting. At that
meeting, it was explained by John Blake that the reason for the disparity between the
loan loss provision in 2006 and the higher 2007 provision was the “change in product
mix following the significant increase in unsecured lending during 2007.” John Blake
did not explain that one of the key reasons for the lower loss provision in 2006 was
the use of deferments in the LMBs which had prevented a substantial amount of debt
from flowing through to impairment (see paragraph 4.5 above). You were fully aware
of this important information but did nothing to bring it to the attention of the Audit
Committee.
4.27. In addition, at the same meeting, there was a discussion of PwC’s PreYear End Audit
Committee Report for December 2007, which stated that “IFRS 7 defines past due as
being 1 day in contractual arrears” and appended an analysis of past due but not
impaired figures as at 31 December 2006 prepared by management that failed to take
deferments into account. Neither you nor John Blake took this opportunity to explain
to the Audit Committee or PwC that the 2006 figures had been calculated in
accordance with that definition of past due, on the basis that loans on which interest
payments had been deferred could be treated as being not past due, and that the basis
was highly material.
4.28. In relation to IFRS 7, the minutes stated:
“PwC reported that the Appendix to the PwC Report contained the
quantitative disclosures relating to credit, liquidity and treasury risk for the
2006 numbers as if IFRS 7 had been in force at that date. [You] agreed to
circulate to the Directors IFRS 7 qualitative disclosures for 2007, together
with prior year disclosures for 2005 and 2006, accompanied by commentary
explaining any spikes during the week commencing 17 December. [You] also
noted that the revised Management Information to be circulated to the
Directors from January 2008 would include IFRS 7 numbers.”
but there was no evidence that full and accurate information, including a discussion on
the material issue of the treatment of deferments, had been or was later circulated as
promised.
The draft paper to the Cattles Board in December 2007 on the use of deferments
4.29. In late December 2007, you received in draft a paper intended to brief the Cattles
Board on IFRS 7 disclosures. The paper claimed that “collection tools such as …
deferments are available for use in the LMBs, in restricted circumstances”. No other
mention of deferments was made. Given that over a third of the book had had a
deferment applied, it was, as you were aware, highly misleading for the paper to state
that deferments were used in restricted circumstances. The paper also stated that
Welcome’s impairment trigger was “120 days arrears”. However, the paper made no
mention of:
(1)
the role of deferments in calculating the number of days in arrears for
purposes of the impairment trigger and therefore the level of impairment;
(2)
the fact that you had failed to debate and agree the treatment of deferments
under IFRS 7 with PwC, despite the assurances you had previously given to
the Board that this would be done; and
(3)
the fact that deferments were used as more than simply a “collection tool” ie
the impact of deferments on what needed to be disclosed under IFRS 7 and on
Welcome’s internal arrears calculation was not explained.
4.30. However, you did not flag up this wholly inadequate explanation of deferments.
Rather, the single reference to deferments in the draft paper was deleted at the behest
of Peter Miller (a request also made by John Blake), who had also received it. The
finalised paper on IFRS 7 disclosures that went to the Cattles Board, following your
review and under your direction, therefore made no reference to deferments at all,
despite their fundamental importance to what needed to be disclosed under IFRS 7
and to Welcome’s internal arrears calculation. Your covering note to the paper
addressed to the Board simply advised that “120 days arrears [was] the appropriate
impairment trigger point”, and that this view was supported by PwC.
The Audit Committee meeting and Annual Report in February 2008
4.31. On 21 February 2008, Cattles’ Audit Committee reviewed a draft internal audit report
that it had commissioned to consider whether a 120 day impairment trigger remained
appropriate when mainstream banks impaired after 90 days.
4.32. The draft report stated that:
“The ageing of accounts is based on the “contractual arrears calculation” …
options to stop the customer becoming impaired are limited to … deferring
payment … management has noted that … deferments … start the “clock”
again with regard to ageing … deferments occur where it has been agreed
with the customer that missed payments (necessary because of short term
payment difficulties) can be made up at the end of the contract …”.
4.33. It is clear from this that the internal auditors had not been accurately informed about
Welcome’s use of deferments. In contrast to what the report stated, deferments were
mostly applied without agreement with the customer. In addition to “restarting the
clock”, deferments were also used to keep loans in arrears but not impaired as
described in paragraph 4.5 above. Moreover, in making this comparison, the internal
auditors were unaware of the extent to which Welcome’s impairment trigger allowed
for deferments, having been told at a meeting with yourself and others that deferments
were “tightly controlled”. This lack of understanding severely limited the value of the
comparison being made.
4.34.
During the Audit Committee meeting on 21 February 2008 which reviewed this
report, you explained that Cattles had been advised that it “… should explain the 120
days impairment trigger and the banding of the overdue debt up to that point by
reference to the commercial reality of [the] business …” and assured the Audit
Committee that a detailed explanation of the impairment policy would be set out in
the accounting notes to Cattles’ 2007 Annual Report.
4.35. On 27 February 2008, you signed a representation letter to PwC in connection with its
audit of the financial statements of Cattles for the year ended 31 December 2007 in
which, among other representations, you made the following representations:
(1)
“Each director has taken all the steps that he or she ought to have taken as a
director in order to make himself or herself aware of any relevant audit
information and to establish that [PwC] are aware of that information,
including that … All other records and related information which might affect
the truth and fairness of, or necessary disclosure in, the financial statements
… and no such information has been withheld”;
(2)
“So far as each director is aware, there is no relevant audit information of
which [PwC is] unaware.”; and
(3)
“… the financial statements are free from material misstatement, including
omissions.”;
without having made adequate enquiries to satisfy yourself that these statements were
true.
4.36. On 28 February 2008, you (and the rest of Cattles’ Board) approved the Cattles’ 2007
Annual Report.
4.37. Cattles’ 2007 Annual Report stated that IFRS 7 had been adopted and acknowledged
that the directors were required to “Make judgements and estimates that are
reasonable and prudent”. It also stated that:
“Welcome Financial Services determines that there is objective evidence of an
impairment loss at the point at which they are not prepared to offer any
further credit to a customer who has encountered serious repayment
difficulties. In Welcome Finance this is assessed by reference to the number of
days an account is contractually in arrears. When an account has reached
120 days in arrears, there is an acceptance that the original contractual
relationship has broken down.”
4.38. You were aware that this was not a detailed explanation of the commercial reality of
Welcome’s business (which you had specifically undertaken to provide in Cattles’
Audit Committee meeting on 21 February 2008) as it made no mention of the role of
deferments in calculating the impairment trigger and therefore the level of
impairment. Instead, the statement reinforced the impression given by the IFRS 7
disclosures that Welcome calculated arrears simply on the basis of the number of
contractual payments missed. This was further reinforced by Welcome’s statement
that it had no loans “Past due 120 days or more” that were unimpaired (see table at
paragraph 4.41 below), which gave the impression that all loans that were more than
120 days in contractual arrears were treated as impaired.
4.39. Cattles’ 2007 Annual Report, and subsequently the Rights Issue Prospectus, contained
highly misleading information in relation to the credit quality of Welcome’s loan book
because they stated that:
(1)
IFRS 7 had been adopted when, in fact, the “neither past due nor impaired”
figures provided failed to strip out deferments, giving the impression that far
more of Welcome’s customers were repaying their loans on time than was
actually the case. It stated that around £2.1 billion of Welcome’s
approximately £3 billion loan book was “neither past due nor impaired” (ie
not in contractual arrears) when, in fact, calculated on the contractual basis
required by IFRS 7, only around £1.5 billion of the book was “neither past
due nor impaired”;
(2)
Welcome treated a loan account as impaired when the account was 120 days in
contractual arrears and that on this basis around £450 million of Welcome’s
loan book was “past due but not impaired” (when, in fact, with deferments of
less than four monthly payments treated as past due loans over £600 million of
the loan book was “past due but not impaired”) and £441 million of
Welcome’s loan book was impaired (when, in fact, with deferments of more
than four monthly payments treated as impaired loans over £886 million of the
book was impaired);
(3)
Cattles had made a pretax profit of £165.2 million for the year to 31
December 2007. In the restated accounts, this figure, on the basis of the
stated impairment trigger, was given as a pretax loss of £96.5 million.
4.40. At the time you approved and signed Cattles’ 2007 Annual Report, the requirements
of IFRS 7 (see paragraphs 4.8 to 4.13) were in effect. As illustrated in paragraph
4.41, the accounts did not comply with IFRS 7. Consequently, Cattles’ 2007 Annual
Report contained information which was false and misleading.
4.41. The table below shows the original IFRS 7 and impairment disclosures relating to
Welcome taken from Cattles’ 2007 Annual Report as against the corrected figures
calculated on a contractual basis and restated in Cattles’ 2008 Annual Report
(published on 12 May 2010):
Loans and receivables (Welcome)
Original 2007 Restated 2007
(£m)
(£m)
Neither past due nor impaired
2,184.5
1,572.4
Past due but not impaired (total)
458.2
601.2
Past due up to 29 days (but not impaired)
142.7
143.1
Past due 30 59 days (but not impaired)
119.0
221.3
Past due 60 89 days (but not impaired)
102.0
139.0
Loans and receivables (Welcome)
Original 2007 Restated 2007
(£m)
(£m)
Past due 90 119 days (but not impaired)
94.5
97.8
Past due 120 days or more (but not impaired)
4.42. It is clear that the original figures for 2007 gave a misleading impression as to Cattles’
credit quality. As a result of the adjustments made to those figures, Cattles reduced its
reported pretax profit figure by £261.7 million, resulting in a reported pretax loss of
£96.5 million.
4.43. Cattles’ 2007 Annual Report was published on Cattles’ website on 28 February 2008
and made available for public inspection through the document viewing facility
located at the FSA’s offices on 9 April 2008.
Events after publication of Cattles’ 2007 Annual Report
Preparing for questions from analysts in March 2008 and how you dealt with them
4.44. In preparation for questions from analysts in relation to the arrears figures contained
in Cattles’ 2007 Annual Report, you were sent a ‘Questions and Answers’ document
in early March 2008 that made no reference to deferments. The person responsible
for drafting the ‘Questions and Answers’ made it clear that he had deliberately not
referred to deferments but that he was uncomfortable with this approach as he
considered they formed a significant element of any explanation of the arrears figures.
4.45. However, you deliberately avoided informing analysts about deferments. Later in
March 2008, two analysts from one of Cattles’ major shareholders asked you directly
why the company did not treat debt with arrears of less than 120 days as impaired and
told you that the “general feedback from the analyst community is that they still need
more information to fully understand what is going on with impairments”.
4.46. The response, approved by you, stated that:
“… we do not believe that there is objective evidence of impairment until a
customer reaches the 120 day contractual arrears point. This trigger point is
not 4 consecutive monthly payments missed but 4 misses since inception …We
are currently analysing investor feedback re our disclosure around
impairment. Once we have completed this exercise we will be better placed to
understand what further information we might be able to provide in order to
aid the market’s understanding of the [Welcome] business model”.
It gave no explanation of what comprised ‘contractual arrears’.
4.47. This was a highly misleading and disingenuous answer as loans with ‘deferments’
were not included in loans with ‘contractual arrears’. You knew that the impairment
trigger was not as simple as “4 misses since inception”. It was also obvious what
further information would have aided the market’s understanding, namely an
explanation of Welcome’s use of deferments, and their significance.
4.48. On 23 April 2008, Cattles issued the Rights Issue Prospectus. Like Cattles’ 2007
Annual Report, it contained misleading information because it contained the same
statement as that set out in paragraph 4.37 above regarding the basis for impairment
and the financial statements in Cattles’ 2007 Annual Report (which were stated to
have adopted IFRS 7) were incorporated by reference.
4.49. You were aware, as set out at paragraph 4.45 above, that the analyst community
needed more information to understand impairment and that this was not set out in the
Rights Issue Prospectus. You nevertheless approved the Rights Issue Prospectus
along with the rest of Cattles’ Board and the Rights Issue Prospectus was made
available through the FSA’s viewing facility on 24 April 2008. The rights issue was
fully subscribed and raised £200 million. Had Cattles’ shareholders been aware that
the application of deferments impacted on the calculation of the level of contractual
arrears and the impairment to the extent it did, it is likely that they would have
regarded this as highly material and been significantly less likely to subscribe to the
rights issue.
The events of August 2008 including the estimate for removing deferments from the
impairment figures
4.50. In August 2008, you were aware that a key area of concern for the internal auditors
was a £42 million “bulk deferment” processed in May 2008, apparently outside of
Welcome’s standard policy requirements, and its attendant impact on the company’s
profit.
4.51. On 19 August 2008, you received an internal audit report highlighting the lack of
management information as to the aggregate level of deferments and detailing
concerns over the impact of the £42 million “bulk deferment”.
4.52. On 20 August 2008, you received an email setting out an estimate of the impact of
removing all deferments from Welcome’s impairment figure as at June 2008. The
estimate showed that such a calculation would move £611 million of debt from non
impaired to impaired, requiring a provision of £488 million. In addition to the
concerns raised by the internal audit report described in the above paragraph, you
knew that certain Cattles’ directors were seeking information on the level of
deferments within Welcome but you took no steps to pass on your knowledge about
the overall level of deferments or their impact on reported profit.
4.53. On 21 August 2008, you and John Blake attended a Cattles Audit Committee meeting
which considered the internal audit report and the impact of the £42 million “bulk
deferment”. The aggregate level of deferments would have been highly material to
the discussions.
4.54. On 28 August 2008, Cattles published its interim announcement (which you
approved) for the six months to 30 June 2008, reiterating, by reference to the
accounting policies as set out in the 2007 Annual Report, its adoption of IFRS 7 and
the misleading statement that Welcome’s impairment trigger was 120 days contractual
arrears. Pretax profit for the six months to 30 June 2008 was stated to be £70.2
million. This was misleading because the stated impairment trigger made no mention
of the significant role played by deferments. In addition, the announcement stated
that “customer balances with a proportion in arrears were 31.4% (FY 2007: 29.2%)”
without mentioning the role played by deferments in calculating these figures. In fact,
on a contractual basis, the proportion of customer balances with a proportion in
arrears for financial year 2007 was much higher at 48.6%. This was misleading
because the arrears percentages were in fact calculated on a deferred arrears basis
rather than the contractual basis required by IFRS 7. You failed to take the necessary
steps to ensure that IFRS 7 was being complied with, and failed, again, to resolve the
matter with PwC.
The events of October and December 2008 including the concern of the Audit
Committee at the lack of provision
4.55. In October 2008, a member of Cattles’ management team reported to PwC that he was
concerned over the level of provisioning on Welcome’s loan book, in particular on
debt housed within a subset of the LMBs (which, as mentioned above, dealt with
loans between 60 and 120 days in arrears) known as the Asset Management Branches
(“the AMBs”). In response, a paper was drafted to provide Cattles’ Audit Committee
with an explanation on the rationale behind the AMBs. The Audit Committee had not
previously been briefed on this.
4.56. Having reviewed the paper, you distributed it at a Cattles’ Audit Committee meeting
on 4 December 2008. The paper informed the Audit Committee that the 120 days
arrears trigger in fact allowed for multiple deferments (on the basis that that these
were only allowed “within strictly controlled circumstances”) and that debt in the
AMBs was permitted to remain within that division for twelve months and not be
treated as impaired even if contractually due payments were not being received during
that period.
4.57. The Audit Committee was very concerned to learn that debt that was more than 120
days in contractual arrears could remain unimpaired and without a provision and
arranged for a further meeting on 15 December 2008 to discuss the AMBs, which as
at October 2008 held £230 million of unimpaired debt. At no stage during that
meeting, specifically convened to address the Audit Committee’s concerns over the
level of deferments in the AMBs and the effect on impairment, did you explain the
true extent to which deferments were used in the business, namely that there was over
£600 million of debt (approximately 20% of Welcome’s loan book) that was only
unimpaired because of the application of deferments. This was despite the fact that
you had received an email explaining how, if impairment was at 120 days but with no
deferments, the estimated IFRS 7 disclosure would move £611 million of debt from
not impaired to impaired (see paragraph 4.52).
4.58. On 18 December 2008, Cattles published its preclose trading statement (which you
approved) for the period ended 30 November 2008. Cattles reported that trading was
in line with expectations, repeating IFRS 7 arrears figures (as percentages) for 2007
and providing corresponding figures for June, September and November 2008. It
claimed that IFRS 7 arrears had grown from 29.2% for financial year 2007 to 35.0%
in November 2008 (this significantly downplayed the true percentage of the book in
arrears as stated above for financial year 2007 the proportion in arrears, calculated
on a contractual basis, was 48.6%). You failed to take steps to ensure that IFRS 7 was
being complied with and therefore that the information provided was not misleading.
You failed to resolve the matter with PwC.
February 2009
4.59. After further investigation, PwC refused to sign off Cattles’ 2008 Annual Report and
on 20 February 2009 it was announced that publication of the 2008 Annual Report
would be delayed. The market reaction to this announcement was a 74% drop in the
share price from 13.25 pence on 19 February 2008 to 3.5 pence the next day.
4.60. On 1 April 2009, Cattles announced that it would need to make a provision of around
£700 million in excess of that originally anticipated for 2008. On 23 April 2009,
Cattles announced that, in light of its inability to publish its 2008 Annual Report by
the requisite deadline, it had requested a suspension of trading in its shares. Trading
in Cattles’ shares was duly suspended on the same day.
5.
REPRESENTATIONS
5.1.
You made a number of representations principally in writing on 21 June 2011 and
orally 7 September 2011. What follows is a brief summary of the key representations
on liability.
Legal submissions
Criminal charges for purposes of Article 6
5.2.
You said that market abuse under section 118(7) of the Act and ‘knowing concern’
under section 91(2) of the Act are both criminal charges for the purposes of Article 6
of the European Convention of Human Rights.
Standard of proof
5.3.
You said that the appropriate standard of proof in cases of market abuse and knowing
concern is the criminal standard. The sliding scale no longer applied. The evidence
had to be ‘extremely cogent’.
Market abuse: dissemination and knowledge of false or misleading information
5.4.
You said that a finding of market abuse under section 118(7) of the Act requires a
‘dissemination’ of information which is either false or misleading or has an
‘overwhelming chance’ of being so; and subjective or objective knowledge of such
circumstances, objective knowledge being imputed only upon a finding of
recklessness as to the existence of such circumstances.
Breach of the listing rules: knowing concern
5.5.
You said that a finding of knowing concern under section 91(2) of the Act requires
actual knowledge of each of the facts needed to show the underlying contraventions of
the listing rules; dishonesty as defined in Twinsectra v Yardley [2002] 2 All ER 377;
and active involvement in the key elements of each underlying contravention.
5.6.
The allegations as to your lack of integrity are unfair and unwarranted. You were
unaware of the deliberate manipulation and distortion of Welcome’s Standard
Operating Policies and Procedures (“SOPPs”) which appears to have occurred. You
did not deliberately avoid bringing the extensive use of deferments to the attention of
others.
Representations on other matters
Acceptance of responsibility but not whether the accounts were misleading or non
compliant
5.7.
You accepted that you must take ultimate responsibility for the accounts, without
conceding that they were actually misleading, and whether there was any non
compliance with the relevant accounting standards.
The ‘elision’ of issues by the FSA
5.8.
The FSA has ‘elided’ the issues of your actual knowledge of wrongful conduct and
issues concerning legitimate debate about appropriate financial reporting standards.
The investigation had failed to deal fairly with or analyse properly the true elements
of your culpability.
The treatment of deferments in principle and your knowledge of what was happening
in practice
5.9.
On the question of how deferments were to be treated, your knowledge was the same
as PwC, the internal auditors, the Audit Committee and the executive management of
Cattles and Welcome. Each of those people or entities were well aware that
deferments were routinely employed within Welcome and that the SOPPs governed
their use. A deferment restarted the clock. It was neither a missed payment, past due
or renegotiated.
5.10. However, it appears that the SOPPs relating to deferments were systematically
ignored or abused. Everybody was being deferred ‘willynilly’. You were not aware
of this and could not reasonably have been expected to have been aware of it.
5.11. The business of Welcome as it was actually operating bore no relation to the
description of the business as that appeared in the accounts. It had become, it would
appear, a fantasy operation divorced from the business and commercial reality of what
was supposed to be a business governed by the SOPPs.
5.12. You said that the highest the case against you that could be put was that you may not
have appreciated as quickly as you might, or investigate as proactively as you could,
whether the representations you received that the SOPPs were being followed were
correct. You also said that the case could be put that you should have ensured that the
matter of deferments was specifically raised again with PwC after the events of
August 2008.
5.13. You said that on reflection it would have been more appropriate to have made sure
that other people knew of the figure of £611 million of difference taking into account
deferments (see paragraph 4.57). It did not strike you at the time that you should seek
auditor advice on whether you should make additional disclosure.
IFRS 7 and the steps that you took to ensure accuracy of reporting
5.14. You took significant and substantial steps to ensure that financial reporting was as
accurate and open as possible.
5.15. You believed that IFRS 7 had been complied with and had not deliberately avoided
seeking advice on the matter. A project team, comprising well qualified accountants,
was set up to advise on the requirements of IFRS 7 and you engaged PwC to advise
on the requirements. In December 2007, you engaged another specialist team of
external accountants to advise on IFRS 7 disclosures. At the time, neither PwC nor
the external accountants ever suggested that the 2007 Accounts did not comply with
IFRS 7 or that the stated approach to impairment was false or misleading.
Reliance on others
5.16. You were entitled to rely on information provided by the management and finance
teams in Welcome, the Cattles Group finance team and the internal and external audit
functions. You did not routinely receive the information that distinguished between
contractual and deferred contractual.
5.17. The internal and external auditors of Cattles, who were fully aware of the fact that
deferments were part of the business of Welcome and governed by the SOPPs,
approved and sanctioned their treatment in the Cattles 2007 Annual Report;
5.18. Both sets of auditors approved the principle that deferments carried out in accordance
with the SOPPs did not need to be treated for accounting purposes as defaults.
The communications with PwC in August and September 2007
5.19. Your understanding was that the project team had carefully considered the IFRS 7
requirements and were well prepared to debate the proposed treatment of deferments
with PwC. You did not instruct the team not to raise the issue of deferments with
PwC. The email of 20 September and the surrounding circumstances had to be seen
in the context of your ill health at the time. You do not recall seeing it at the time and
it was not surprising that you failed to pick up on the passing remark in the email that
deferments were not particularly on PwC’s radar screen. PwC did not consider
Cattles’ treatment of deferments, of which it was full aware, as either controversial or
in need of amendment under IFRS 7. The relevant matters were not on PwC’s radar
screen of likely issues that might arise because PwC, in full knowledge of Cattles’
treatment of deferments, did not consider the matter to be controversial or giving rise
to a need for a change of policy under IFRS 7.
6.
FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS
The legal submissions
Criminal charges for purposes of Article 6
6.1.
For the purposes of these proceedings, the FSA does not need to pursue the
representations that both the market abuse and listing rules allegations are criminal
charges for the purposes of Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights.
However, linked to this issue, and clearly relevant to these proceedings, is the
standard of proof that the FSA should apply.
Standard of proof
6.2.
The FSA relies on a number of cases in which it was common ground that the civil
standard of proof applies. In Chhabra & Patel v FSA (2009) FSMT 072, the Tribunal
“ … some things are inherently more likely than others and cogent evidence is
generally required to satisfy a civil tribunal that a person has … behaved in a
reprehensible manner. Generally speaking, people tend not to commit serious
offences – not least because the consequences likely to follow if they do – and
someone with a good character is less likely to behave badly than someone
with a bad character. Someone who values their reputation will be less likely
to imperil it than someone known to be disreputable. The more inherently
unlikely it is that something has happened the more persuasive the tribunal
will need to find the evidence pointing that way before concluding it to be
more likely than not.”
6.3.
In these proceedings, the FSA has therefore applied the civil standard and relied only
on what it considered to be cogent evidence when considering the serious allegations
against you, a person of unblemished record.
Market abuse: dissemination and knowledge of false or misleading information
6.4.
In so far as you claim that you did not ‘disseminate’ the information, the FSA is
satisfied that you did disseminate the loan book figures. First, dissemination in
section 118(7) of the Act (see paragraph 3.9) is ‘by any means’. Secondly, MAR
1.8.6E(2) (Examples of market abuse (dissemination)) of the FSA Handbook includes
as an example of dissemination a person who is responsible for the content of
information submitted to a regulatory information service. You approved and signed
off the Cattles accounts with a view to publication and you accept that you had
responsibility for the content of the financial statements including the loan book
figures.
6.5.
The test in section 118(7) of the Act does not include an ‘overwhelming chance’ test.
However, the FSA is satisfied that the information relating to the loan book was false
and misleading.
6.6.
The FSA is satisfied that the objective test of knowledge (“or could reasonably have
expected to have known that the information was false or misleading”) is a simple
objective test. It does not carry with it the test whether the subject was reckless as to
his actual knowledge. The question is ‘Was it reasonable in these circumstances to
have expected a finance director to know whether the figures relating to the loan book
key constituent of his financial statements were false or misleading?’ The answer
is quite clearly ‘Yes’. Such a finance director had a duty to take all necessary steps to
be satisfied that the information was true and not misleading.
6.7.
The elements of market abuse in section 118(7) of the Act are made out.
Breach of the listing rules: knowing concern
6.8.
Your representation is not that Cattles has not breached the listing rules referred to in
paragraphs 3.10, 3.11 and 3.12. It is that your involvement did not amount to a
knowing concern in the contraventions. It is clear that you had as much, if not
considerably more, involvement in the contraventions as any director of Cattles. As
with the managing director of Skandex in SIB v Skandex Capital Management A/S
and another (ie the managing director) [1998] 1 WLR 712, all the facts were known to
you. Indeed, you had a high responsibility to discharge, or to assist in the discharge
of, the very duties imposed by the rules.
6.9.
In Skandex, the ‘knowing concern’ did not require an element of dishonesty. Neither
does it in these proceedings. This Final Notice makes no such finding.
6.10. The FSA is satisfied that you were ‘knowingly concerned’ as required by section 91
of the Act (see paragraph 3.3) in the contraventions of the listing rules by Cattles.
6.11. In considering whether you failed to act with integrity in discharging your
responsibilities, the FSA has taken into account all the circumstances, including in
particular:
(1)
your responsibilities as Group Finance Director and Finance Director of a
listed company;
(2)
your experience;
(3)
the importance of IFRS 7 to the business, including the belief that “users of
financial statements need information about an entity’s exposure to risks and
how those risks are managed” (see paragraphs 4.8 to 4.13 above);
(4)
the nature of the business, together with its size, scale and importance,
including a loan book figure of over £3 billion; and
(5)
the evidence of your contribution in meetings and other internal
communications on the issues surrounding the valuation of the loan book.
6.12. In these circumstances, the right thing for a person in your position to do would be:
(1)
to rely on and assert his position and authority as an experienced Group
Finance Director;
(2)
to ensure a culture of transparency and openness in relation to the financial
statements which properly balanced the aims of the business with the needs of
the market;
(3)
to ensure a group structure in relation to finance which delivered the proper
balance in which the key roles are filled with people delivering according to
their responsibilities; and
(4)
to take a particularly close and rigorous interest in the treatment of deferments
and their impact on impairment, both from a policy point of view and the
delivery of the policy;
so that he can, with integrity, satisfy himself that the figures for which he has
responsibility are true and fair.
6.13. Measured against these factors, the FSA noted the absence of convincing evidence
over a period of some 18 months to demonstrate that you had taken all necessary steps
to ensure that the facts and issues relating to deferments and the impact of IFRS 7
were fully debated by all concerned (both internally with staff and committees
including the Audit Committee and externally with your auditors and advisers),
understood and resolved. Indeed, you failed to take the initiative to ensure that the
issues were debated with those concerned, but rather left it to them to raise them. You
knew, or had ready access to others who knew or could find out, for example, the
volume of deferments used in the LMBs. As a consequence, you failed to ensure that
the value of the loan book in 120 day contractual arrears, and therefore the
impairment provision, both in the Cattles’ Annual Report and the Rights Issue
Prospectus, was correct.
6.14. In these circumstances, the FSA concludes that you failed to act with integrity in not
doing what you, as the Group Finance Director, should have done.
Other matters
Acceptance of responsibility but not whether the accounts were misleading or non
compliant
6.15. The FSA noted your acceptance of responsibility for the accounts without conceding
that they were misleading. The FSA accepts the expert evidence which clearly
demonstrated that the accounts were noncompliant and that therefore the figures were
misleading.
The ‘elision’ of issues by the FSA and your knowledge of what was happening in
practice
6.16. In the context of the allegations made against you, your actual knowledge is one of the
factors to take into account. In considering your culpability, the FSA has also taken
into account the standards expected of a person in your position.
6.17. The FSA makes no finding as to whether, as a matter of fact, you did know about the
abuse of the SOPPs.
IFRS 7 and the steps you took in practice
6.18. You said that you had taken a number of steps to ensure, in principle, accurate
financial reporting under IFRS 7. You also said that you did not know about the abuse
of the SOPPs and therefore the effect this would have on the impairment figure.
6.19. The responsibility to ensure that the value of the loan book was accurately represented
(as with every other key element in the financial statements) was an active one.
Knowing that the impact of deferments on the arrears and impairment figures was
highly material, the responsibility was not discharged simply by appointing others to
advise, or relying on information from others in the absence of appropriate challenge
on your part. The discharge of the trust placed upon you, and accepted by you, meant
that you had to satisfy yourself, in whatever way was appropriate, that the advice or
information you relied on was itself reliable.
6.20. One way to have discharged this duty would have been to satisfy yourself that others
fully understood the circumstances in which they were giving you that advice or
information. That was particularly so in a situation where the information you
depended on for the accuracy of the financial statements was dependent on the faithful
implementation of the advice in relation to that information. On the evidence before
it, the inescapable conclusion is that some at least of those advising you, and those
giving you information, did not fully understand what was going on and that you
failed to satisfy yourself that they did. You did not discharge the duty placed upon
you to satisfy yourself that the information and advice given to you and relied on by
you was accurate. You did not take the necessary steps to ensure that Cattles’ 2007
Annual Report complied with IFRS 7 by resolving the matter with all concerned,
including the auditors.
6.21. Given the extent of the consequences to the Cattles Group and the market if the
figures were false or misleading, amply borne out by what happened in fact, it was not
an option for a person in your position to accept information or advice without a high
degree of satisfaction and appropriate challenge. The duty and expectation on you
was to be the guardian of the accuracy of the figures.
6.22. There were a number of occasions between August 2007 and February 2009 when
you had the opportunity to satisfy yourself on the integrity of the advice and
information being given to you either personally, as part of Cattex or as part of the
Cattles Board, and you failed to do so with the rigour and tenacity expected of a
person in your position with your responsibilities.
6.23. The evidence before the FSA is that you fell below the standard expected of a person
in your position, knowing, as you did, the importance of the figures and having
access, as you did, to all the people and the information that you needed to satisfy
yourself of their accuracy.
6.24. As a result of the approach taken by the Cattles Group in the Public Statements, the
arrears and impairment figures were not calculated solely on the basis of missed
contractually due payments and the use of deferments was not adequately disclosed to
the market.
Reliance on others and communications with others, including PwC
6.25. As part of your responsibilities as Finance Director, Cattles, including its Board and
shareholders, and the market, looked to you to ensure the accuracy of its financial
statements. You knew that you were exposing the company to risk if the information
was false or misleading. You also knew the risks involved in the transition to
financial reporting under IFRS 7.
6.26. The greater the risks, the greater is the degree of responsibility to ensure accuracy.
The evidence before the FSA is that there were a number of occasions when the
opportunity to ensure a full and open debate with all concerned on policy and practice
was not taken. You knowingly adopted the course of action that you did. It was not
enough to wait for others to ask the questions or to rely on the conclusions reached if
they were not fully appraised of the facts behind the course of action contemplated. It
was for you to lead on the proper application of the aims and requirements of IFRS 7
in the context of Cattles’ business. It was not enough, for example, to fail to bring to
light before the Board, the Audit Committee and external auditors the estimated and
significant effect of taking deferments into account in calculating contractual arrears
and therefore the impairment provision (see paragraphs 4.52, 4.57 and 5.13).
6.27. From the evidence before it, the FSA concludes that PwC, Cattles’ Audit Committee
and one of Cattles’ major shareholders were given insufficient information regarding
the use, extent and significance of deferments and that this was the result of the
approach adopted by you, which failed to ensure there was an explicit and fully
informed debate of the issues arising.
6.28. In the light of these findings, and having regard to your personal circumstances, the
FSA considers it appropriate to impose the financial penalty and make the order
referred to in paragraph 1.1 above.
7.
ANALYSIS OF SANCTION
7.1.
The FSA views your conduct as particularly serious because:
(1)
you are an experienced chartered accountant and, as Finance Director, you
held a very senior position at Cattles;
(2)
your misconduct rendered misleading the arrears and profit figures within
Cattles’ 2007 Annual Report, the Rights Issue Prospectus and the 2008
Announcements which fell directly within your area of expertise and
responsibility and in relation to which Cattles’ Audit Committee could
reasonably have expected to rely on you;
(3)
your misconduct took place over a sustained period (approximately 18
months);
(4)
you had a number of opportunities over that period to provide full details to
PwC and Cattles’ Audit Committee of the business’ use of deferments and to
seek advice as to the correct accounting treatment of deferments.
(5)
there was a very serious impact on shareholders, who have lost all or virtually
all of their investment, and on market confidence. During the period of the
market abuse, Cattles was a member of the FTSE 250 and at its height had a
market capitalisation of over £1 billion. When the true state of Cattles’ loan
book emerged in early 2009, trading in Cattles’ shares was suspended and on
16 December 2009, Cattles announced that its shares “are likely to have little
or no value”. In Cattles’ 2008 Annual Report published on 12 May 2009, the
2007 arrears and impairment figures were restated, as a result of which
Cattles’ pretax profit figure for 2007 was adjusted from a pretax profit of
£165.2 million to a pretax loss of £96.5 million. It is likely that the Rights
Issue in April 2008, which raised £200 million, would have been significantly
less successful had the market known the true state of the loan book.
7.2.
The FSA considers it appropriate to impose a financial penalty of £400,000 against
you, reduced from £750,000 in view of your financial circumstances, in addition to
making the prohibition order in accordance with EG 9.23.
7.3.
The FSA has taken all of the circumstances of the case into account in deciding that
the imposition of a financial penalty is appropriate and the level of the penalty
imposed is proportionate, including its regulatory objectives and the penalties
imposed in other market abuse and analogous cases. The FSA has had particular
regard to the contemporaneous provisions of the Decision Procedures and Penalties
Manual set out in the Annex to this Notice, the aggravating factors set out in
paragraph 7.1 above and the mitigating factor that the FSA has not previously taken
any disciplinary action against you.
7.4.
The FSA is satisfied that you failed to act with integrity in discharging your
responsibilities and are therefore not a fit and proper person to perform regulated
activities. In deciding that a prohibition order, prohibiting you from performing any
function in relation to any regulated activity, is appropriate, the FSA has had regard to
the guidance in chapter 9 of the Enforcement Guide (“EG”).
8.
DECISION MAKER
8.1
The decision which gave rise to the obligation to give this notice was made by the
Regulatory Decisions Committee.
9.
IMPORTANT
9.1.
This Final Notice is given under, and in accordance with, section 390 of the Act.
Manner of and time for Payment
9.2.
The financial penalty must be paid in full by James Corr to the FSA by no later than
11 April 2012, 14 days from the date of the Final Notice.
If the financial penalty is not paid
9.3.
If all or any of the financial penalty is outstanding on 12 April 2012, the FSA may
recover the outstanding amount as a debt owed by James Corr and due to the FSA.
9.4.
Sections 391(4), 391(6) and 391(7) of the Act apply to the publication of information
about the matter to which this notice relates. Under those provisions, the FSA must
publish such information about the matter to which this notice relates as the FSA
considers appropriate. The information may be published in such manner as the FSA
considers appropriate. However, the FSA may not publish information if such
publication would, in the opinion of the FSA, be unfair to you or prejudicial to the
interests of consumers.
9.5.
The FSA intends to publish such information about the matter to which this Final
Notice relates as it considers appropriate.
FSA contacts
9.6.
For more information concerning this matter generally, you should contact Celyn
Armstrong (direct line: 020 7066 2818) or Dan EnraghtMoony (direct line: 020 7066
Jamie Symington
Head of Department
FSA Enforcement and Financial Crime Division
ANNEX
Relevant Regulatory Guidance
1. The provisions quoted below are those in force at the time of all the material events, acts
and omissions described above.
Code of Market Conduct
2. The FSA issued MAR pursuant to section 119 of the Act, which requires the FSA to
“prepare and issue a code containing such provisions as the … [FSA] … considers will
give appropriate guidance to those determining whether or not behaviour amounts to
market abuse.” Under section 122 of the Act, MAR may be relied on “so far as it
indicates whether or not particular behaviour should be taken to amount to market
abuse.”
3. MAR 1.8.3E provides examples of conduct which amount, in the opinion of the FSA, to
behaviour falling within section 118(7) of the Act. Those examples include:
“knowingly or recklessly spreading false or misleading information about a qualifying
investment through the media, including in particular through an RIS or similar
information channel.”
4. MAR 1.8.4E adds as follows:
“… if a normal and reasonable person would have known or should have known in all
the circumstances that the information was false or misleading, that indicates that the
person disseminating the information knew or could reasonably be expected to have
known it was false or misleading.”
5. MAR 1.8.6E states further that, in the FSA’s opinion, the following is an example of
market abuse falling within the terms of section 118(7) of the Act:
“a person responsible for the content of information submitted to … [an RIS] … submits
information which is false or misleading as to qualifying investments and that person is
reckless as to whether the information is false or misleading.”
Decision Procedure and Penalties Manual (DEPP)
6. In deciding to take the action described above, the FSA has had regard to the policy it
has published in Chapter 6 of DEPP, under section 124 of the Act, which requires the
FSA to “issue a statement of its policy with respect to the imposition of penalties under
section 123 and the amount of” such penalties. The FSA has also had regard to the
provisions of the Enforcement Manual (“ENF”), which were in force for the early part of
the Relevant Period. The extracts from DEPP reflect the provisions as they were in effect
between 28 August 2007 and 5 March 2010.
7. The principal purpose of imposing a financial penalty is to promote high standards of
regulatory conduct by deterring firms and approved persons who have breached
regulatory requirements from committing further contraventions, helping to deter other
firms and approved persons from committing contraventions and demonstrating,
38
generally, to firms and approved persons, the benefit of compliant behaviour (DEPP
6.1.2G).
8. DEPP 6.2.1G sets out a number of factors to be taken into account when the FSA decides
whether or not to impose a financial penalty. They are not exhaustive but include:
“(1) the nature, seriousness and impact of the suspected breach, including:
(a) whether the breach was deliberate or reckless;
(b) the duration and frequency of the breach;
(e) the impact or potential impact of the breach on the orderliness of markets
including whether confidence in those markets has been damaged or put at risk;
(f) the loss or risk of loss caused to consumers or other market users;
(2) The conduct of the person after the breach, including the following:
(a) how quickly, effectively and completely the person brought the breach to the
attention of the FSA or another relevant regulatory authority;
(b) the degree of cooperation the person showed during the investigation of the
(c) any remedial steps the person has taken in respect of the breach;
(d) the likelihood that the same type of breach (whether on the part of the person
under investigation or others) will recur if no action is taken.
(3) The previous disciplinary record and compliance history of the person…
(5) Action taken by the FSA in previous similar cases.
9. DEPP 6.2.2G sets out additional factors specific to the decision whether to take action
for market abuse or for requiring or encouraging it. These include:
“The impact, having regard to the nature of the behaviour, that any financial penalty
or public censure may have on the financial markets or on the interests of consumers:
(a) a penalty may show that high standards of market conduct are being enforced
in the financial markets, and may bolster market confidence;
(b) a penalty may protect the interests of consumers by deterring future market
abuse and improving standards of conduct in a market.”
10. In enforcing the market abuse regime, the FSA's priority is to protect prescribed markets
from any damage to their fairness and efficiency caused by the manipulation of shares in
relation to the market in question. Effective and appropriate use of the power to impose
penalties for market abuse will help to maintain confidence in the UK financial system
by demonstrating that high standards of market conduct are enforced in the UK financial
markets. The public enforcement of these standards also furthers public awareness and
the FSA's protection of consumers objective, as well as deterring potential future market
abuse.
11. DEPP 6.4.1G states, more generally, that the “FSA will consider all the relevant
circumstances of a case when deciding whether to impose a penalty or issue a public
censure.”
Relevant guidance as to level of penalty
12. DEPP 6.5.1G states that the “FSA will consider all the relevant circumstances of a case
when it determines the level of a financial penalty (if any) that is appropriate and in
proportion to the breach concerned.”
13. DEPP 6.5.2G sets out a nonexhaustive list of factors which might be relevant to the
level of financial penalty imposed by the FSA, as follows:
“(1)
Deterrence
When determining the appropriate level of penalty, the FSA will have regard to the
principal purpose for which it imposes sanctions, namely to promote high standards of
regulatory and/or market conduct by deterring persons who have committed breaches
from committing further breaches and helping to deter other persons from committing
similar breaches, as well as demonstrating generally the benefits of compliant business.
(2)
The nature, seriousness and impact of the breach in question
The FSA will consider the seriousness of the breach in relation to the nature of the rule,
requirement or provision breached. The following considerations are among those that
may be relevant:
(a)
the duration and frequency of the breach;
(c)
in market abuse cases, the FSA will consider whether the breach had an
adverse effect on markets and, if it did, how serious that effect was, which
may include having regard to whether the orderliness of, or confidence in, the
markets in question has been damaged or put at risk …;
(d)
the loss or risk of loss caused to consumers, investors or other market users;
(3) The extent to which the breach was deliberate or reckless
The FSA will regard as more serious a breach which is deliberately or recklessly
committed. The matters to which the FSA may have regard in determining whether a
breach was deliberate or reckless include, but are not limited to, the following:
(a) whether the breach was intentional, in that the person intended or foresaw the
potential or actual consequences of its actions;
If the FSA decides that the breach was deliberate or reckless, it is more likely to impose a
higher penalty on a person than would otherwise be the case.
(4) Whether the person on whom the penalty is to be imposed is an individual
When determining the amount of a penalty to be imposed on an individual, the FSA will
take into account that individuals will not always have the resources of a body corporate,
that enforcement action may have a greater impact on an individual, and further, that it
may be possible to achieve effective deterrence by imposing a smaller penalty on an
individual than on a body corporate. The FSA will also consider whether the status,
position and/or responsibilities of the individual are such as to make a breach committed
by the individual more serious and whether the penalty should therefore be set at a higher
level.
(8) Conduct following the breach
The FSA may take the following factors into account:
(a) the conduct of the person in bringing (or failing to bring) quickly, effectively and
completely the breach to the FSA's attention (or the attention of other regulatory
authorities, where relevant);
(b) the degree of cooperation the person showed during the investigation of the
breach by the FSA…
(c) any remedial steps taken since the breach was identified, ... .
(9) Disciplinary record and compliance history
(10)Other action taken by the FSA…”
Enforcement Guide (EG)
14. EG 9.39.7 sets out the FSA’s general policy in deciding whether to make a prohibition
order and/or withdraw an individual’s approval.
15. EG 9.3 provides that the FSA will consider all the relevant circumstances including
whether other enforcement action should be taken or has been taken already against that
individual by the FSA. In some cases the FSA may take other enforcement action against
the individual in addition to seeking a prohibition order.
16. EG 9.4 provides that the FSA has the power to make a range of prohibition orders
depending on the circumstances of each case and the range of regulated activities to
which the individual’s lack of fitness and propriety is relevant. Depending on the
circumstances of each case, the FSA may seek to prohibit individuals from performing
any class of function in relation to any class of regulated activity, or it may limit the
prohibition order to specific functions in relation to specific regulated activities. The
FSA may also make an order prohibiting an individual from being employed by a
particular firm, type of firm, or any firm.
17. EG 9.5 provides that the scope of a prohibition order will depend on the range of
functions which the individual concerned performs in relation to regulated activities, the
reasons why he is not fit and proper and the severity of the risk which he poses to
consumers or to the market generally.
18. EG 9.89.14 sets out additional guidance on the FSA’s approach to making prohibition
orders against approved persons and/or withdrawing such persons’ approvals.
19. EG 9.8 provides that when the FSA has concerns about the fitness and propriety of an
approved person, it may consider whether it should prohibit the person from performing
functions in relation to regulated activities, withdraw its approval, or both. In deciding
whether to withdraw its approval and/or make a prohibition order, the FSA will consider
in each case whether its regulatory objectives can be achieved adequately by imposing
disciplinary sanctions or by issuing a private warning.
20. EG 9.9 provides that when it decides whether to make a prohibition order against an
approved person and/or withdraw its approval, the FSA will consider all the relevant
circumstances of the case. These may include, but are not limited to:
(a) Whether the individual is fit and proper to perform functions in relation to regulated
activities. The criteria for assessing the fitness and propriety of approved persons are
set out in FIT 2.1 (Honesty, integrity and reputation); FIT 2.2 (Competence and
capability); and FIT 2.3 (Financial soundness).
(b) Whether, and to what extent, the approved person has:
i. failed to comply with the Statements of Principle issued by the FSA with respect
to the conduct of approved persons; or
ii. been knowingly concerned in a contravention by the relevant firm of a
requirement imposed on the firm by or under the Act (including the Principles
and other rules).
(c) Whether the approved person has engaged in market abuse.
(d) The relevance and materiality of any matters indicating unfitness.
(e) The length of time since the occurrence of any matters indicating unfitness.
(f) The particular controlled function the approved person is (or was) performing, the
nature and activities of the firm concerned and the markets in which he operates.
(g) The severity of the risk which the individual poses to consumers and to confidence
in the financial system.
(h) The previous disciplinary record and general compliance history of the individual
including whether the FSA, any previous regulator, designated professional body or
other domestic or international regulator has previously imposed a disciplinary
sanction on the individual.
21. EG 9.10 provides that the FSA may have regard to the cumulative effect of a number of
factors which, when considered in isolation, may not be sufficient to show that the
individual is fit and proper to continue to perform a controlled function or other function
in relation to regulated activities. It may also take account of the particular controlled
function which an approved person is performing for a firm, the nature and activities of
the firm concerned and the markets within which it operates.
22. EG 9.11 states that it is not possible to produce a definitive list of matters which the FSA
may take into account when considering whether an individual is not a fit and proper
person to perform a particular, or any, function in relation to a particular, or any, firm.
EG 9.12 sets out a list of examples of types of behaviour which have previously resulted
in the FSA deciding to issue a prohibition order or withdraw the approval of an approved
person, including:
(a) severe acts of dishonesty, e.g. which may have resulted in financial crime.
(b) serious lack of competence.
(c) serious breaches of the Statements of Principle for approved persons, such as
providing misleading information to clients, consumers or third parties.
23. EG 9.13 provides that certain matters which do not fit squarely, or at all, within the
matters referred to above may also fall to be considered and that in these circumstances
the FSA will consider whether the conduct or matter in question is relevant to the
individual’s fitness and propriety.
24. EG 9.23 provides that in appropriate cases, the FSA may take other action against an
individual in addition to making a prohibition order and/or withdrawing its approval,
including the use of its powers to impose a financial penalty.
Fit and Proper Test for Approved Persons
25. The purpose of the part of the FSA Handbook entitled Fit and Proper Test for Approved
Persons ("FIT") is to outline the main criteria for assessing the fitness and propriety of a
candidate for a controlled function. In this instance the criteria set out in FIT are relevant
in considering whether the FSA will exercise its powers to make a prohibition order in
respect of an individual in accordance with EG 9.9.
26. FIT 1.3.1G provides that the FSA will have regard to a number of factors when assessing
the fitness and propriety of a person, including the person’s honesty and integrity. FIT
2.1.1G provides that, in determining a person’s honesty and integrity, the FSA will have
regard to matters including, but not limited to, those set out in FIT 2.1.3G.
27. FIT 2.1.3G refers to various matters, including: whether the person has contravened any
of the requirements and standards of the regulatory system (FIT 2.1.3G(5)); whether the
person has been a director, partner, or concerned in the management, of a business that
has gone into insolvency, liquidation or administration while the person has been
connected with that organisation (FIT 2.1.3G(9)); whether the person has been
dismissed, or asked to resign and resigned, from employment or from a position of trust,
fiduciary appointment or similar (FIT 2.1.3G(11)); or whether, in the past, the person has
been candid and truthful in all his dealings with any regulatory body and whether the
person demonstrates a readiness and willingness to comply with the requirements and
standards of the regulatory system and with other legal, regulatory and professional
requirements and standards (FIT 2.1.3G(13)).